book_d2l3b
What is the law? The term “law” is used most often in the Bible, especially in the New Testament (Matt. 5:18) and Christian theology, to refer to the Ten Commandments, the Decalogue (Exodus 20:1-17; Deut. 5:6-21), sometimes improperly called the moral law. Sometimes it is used to refer to the whole law of Moses, ceremonial as well as the Ten Commandments, statutes and ordinances (Luke 2:22; John 7:23). Sometimes it is also used to refer to the first five books of the Old Testament, the Pentateuch (Matt. 12:5; Luke 2:23-24; 16:16; 24:44; Rom. 3:21) as well as the whole Old Testament (John 10:34, quoting Psa. 82:6; I Cor. 14:21, quoting Isa. 28:11). The Hebrew word for law, torah, means direction, guidance, instruction, teaching. As such, it is that content of God’s revelation of Himself which makes clear man’s relationship to God and to his fellow man. It provides guidance of man’s actions in relationship to God and to his fellow man. Thus it is the Word of the Lord (Deut. 5:5; Psa. 119:43, 160). It is first of all about God’s act of redemption of Israel from Egypt (Ex. 20:2; Deut. 5:6; Psa. 119:174 parallelism) and then about their obedient response to this act (Ex. 20:3-17; Deut. 5:7-21). The law is the covenant that God made with the children of Israel through Moses (Ex. 24:1-12). The commandments of the law are based upon the grace of God who provided redemption from Egypt (Deut. 4:37-40; Psa. 119:146) and are the terms of God’s covenant with His people (Ex. 19:3-8; Deut. 5:1-3). In contrast to the covenants with Noah (Gen. 9:8-17) and with Abraham (Gen. 15:12-18; 17:1-14), which were covenants of sheer grace, the Mosaic covenant is conditional. God made unconditional promises to Noah and Abraham of what He, God Himself, would do. The blessings of these covenants were unconditional. The blessings of the Mosaic covenant are, on the other hand, conditioned upon obedience (Deut. 28:1-14) and the curses conditioned upon disobedience (Deut. 28:15-20).
“1And if you obey the voice of of the Lord your God, being careful to do all his commandments which I command you this day, the Lord your God will set you high above all the nations of the earth. 2And all these blessings shall come upon you and overtake you, if you obey the voice of the Lord your God. 3Blessed shall you be in the city, and blessed shall you be in the field. 4Blessed shall be the fruit of your body, and the fruit of your ground, the increase of your cattle, and the young of your flock. 5Blessed shall be your basket and your kneading-trough. 6Blessed shall you be when you come in, and blessed shall you be when you go out. 7The Lord will cause your enemies who rise against you to be defeated before you; they shall come out against you one way, and flee before you seven ways. 8The Lord will command the blessing upon you in your barns, and in all that you undertake; and he will bless you in the land which the Lord your God gives you. 9The Lord will establish you as a people holy to himself, as he has sworn to you, if you keep the commandments of the Lord your God, and walk in his ways. 10And all the peoples of the earth shall see that you are called by the name of the Lord; and they shall be afraid of you. 11And the Lord will make you abound in prosperity, in the fruit of your body, and in the fruit of your cattle, and in the fruit of your ground, within the land which the Lord swore to your fathers to give you. 12 The Lord will open to you his good treasury the heavens, to give the rain of your land in its season and to bless all the works of your hands; and you shall lend to many nations, but you shall not borrow. 13And the Lord will make you the head, and not the tail; and you shall tend upward only, and not downward; if you obey the commandments of the Lord your God, which I command you this day, being careful to do them, 14and if you do not turn aside from any of the words which I command you this day, to the right hand or to the left, to go after other gods to serve them. 15But if you will not obey the voice of the Lord your God or be careful to do all his commandments and his statutes which I command you this day, then all these cureses shall come upon you and overtake you. 16Cursed shall you be in the city, and cursed shall you be in the field. 17Cursed shall be your basket and your kneading-trough. 18Cursed shall be the fruit of your body, and the fruit of your ground, the increase of your cattle, and the young of your flock. 19Cursed shall you be when you come in, and cursed shall you be when you go out. 20The Lord will send upon you curses, confusion, and frustration, in all that you undertake to do, until you are destroyed and perish quickly, on account of the evil of your doings, because you have forsaken me.” (Deut. 28:1-20)
These conditions are given in the Ten Commandments (Ex. 20:3-17; Deut. 5:6-21) and other statutes and ordinances. What is the difference between law and grace? The difference is not: rules and no rules. The difference is in the relationship of the blessing to obedience. Under the law, the bestowal of the blessing is conditioned upon obedience; obey in order to be blessed (Ezek. 18).
Under grace, the blessing is bestowed unconditionally to bring about obedience: obey because you are already blessed (John 13:34; Eph. 4:32; Titus 2:11-12; I John 3:3; 4:11, 19). Grace appeals to the unconditioned prior bestowal of the blessing as the grounds of obedience. Law, on the other hand, appeals to obedience as the ground of the bestowal of the blessing.
The Mosaic covenant is not pure law but is based on the grace of God who graciously provided redemption for the children of Israel and who in free grace chose to establish His covenant with them. This redemption by God from Egypt is the grounds of the appeal for obedience to the terms of the covenant which are stated in the Ten Commandments.
“2 I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of bondage. 3 You shall have no other gods before me.” (Ex.20:2-3)
This is the order of grace; obey because you are already blessed. But the Mosaic covenant is not pure grace because the blessings of the covenant are conditioned upon Israel’s obedience.
15 See, I have set before you this day life and good, death and evil. 16 If you obey the commandments of the Lord your God which I command you this day, by loving the Lord your God, by walking in His ways, and keeping His commandments and His statutes and his ordinances, then you shall live and multiply, and the Lord your God will bless you in the land which you are entering to take possession of it. 17 But if your heart turns away, and you will not hear, but are drawn away to worship other gods and serve them, 18 I declare to you this day, that you shall perish, you shall not live long in the land which you are going over the Jordan to enter and possess. 19 I call heaven and earth to witness against you this day, that I have set before you life and death, blessing and curse; therefore choose life, that you and your descendants may live, 20 loving the Lord your God, obeying his voice, and cleaving to him; for that means life to you and length of days, that you may dwell in the land which the Lord swore to your fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, to give them.” (Deut. 30:15-20)
This is the order of law. Obey in order to be blessed. The Mosaic covenant is a mixed covenant of grace and law. What is the purpose of the law? Being a clarification of man’s relationship to God, the purpose of the law is to expose the nature of sin (“through the law comes the knowledge of sin” Rom. 3:20b; 7:7b) and God’s reaction to man’s sin in the form of wrath (the curse of the law; see Rom. 4:15; Gal. 3:10). Therefore, to the question: “Why the law?” Paul answers in Gal. 3:19:
“It was added because of transgressions, … until the seed [Christ, Gal. 3:16]
should come to whom the promise had been made.” (cf. Rom. 5:20)
Until Christ came, the Jews were kept under the law (Gal. 3:23) as a tutor (Gal. 3:24), who guarded the immature child until he became a mature son (Gal. 4:1-2). Therefore, the law was a temporary arrangement (Heb. 7:18; 9:9-10). The Mosaic law was given only to Israel (Deut. 4:7-8, 32-33, 36; Psa. 147:19-20). From Adam to Moses, there was no law (Rom. 5:13-14), and the Gentiles do not have the law ( Rom. 2:14, twice).
The Scriptures, and in particular the Apostle Paul, do not teach that there is a law of nature, lex naturae, after Stoic fashion. In Romans 2:15, Paul does not say that the Gentiles have “the law” (ho nomos) written on the heart, but that “the work of the law” (to ergon tou nomou) is written on their hearts. In this passage, Paul is not talking about having the law but about doing or fulfilling the law. In the context, Paul is contrasting the Jew who has the law but does not keep it with the Gentile who does not have the law but does what the law commands. Having the law is not sufficient.
“For not the hearers of the law who are righteous with God, but the doers of the law shall be justified.” (Rom. 2:13 ERS).
It is these particular actions of the Gentiles, which are in harmony with the law, that Paul is referring to when he says that “the work of the law is written on their hearts”. For it is from the heart, where the decisions are made, that the work of the law comes. Grammatically, the word “written” (grapton) agrees with the word “work” (ergon), and not with the word “law” (tou nomou). The work of the law, not the law, is written on their hearts. For if Paul had said that the law was written on their hearts, he would be saying that the Gentiles had the law in a more intimate way than the Jews had it. The latter had it written only on the tables of stone or in a book. Moreover, Paul would also be saying that the Gentiles had the law written on their hearts which provision was only promised in the new covenant.
“But this is the covenant which I will make with the house of Israel after those days, says the Lord: I will put my law within them, and I will write it upon their hearts; and I will be their God, and they shall be my people.” (Jer. 31:33)
But in the preceding verse (Rom. 2:14), Paul specifically says twice that the Gentiles do not have the law.
“14 For when Gentiles, not having the law, do by nature the things of the law, these, not having the law, are a law to themselves, 15 who show the work of law written in their hearts.” (Rom. 2:14-15a ERS)
And he says it twice in that one verse alone, so that there will be no misunderstanding. We must be careful not to read into Paul any Stoic-like concept of the law of nature, lex naturae, that is the exact opposite of what he here intended or meant. The conscience does not contain an absolute standard of right and wrong as implied in the Stoic law of nature. The standard that the conscience uses to judge the actions of the will is relative to the ultimate criterion that the person has chosen. That is, the god that a person has chosen and worships supplies the standards of the conscience. This is why not every person has the same feelings of guilt or responsibility for his decisions or actions (I Cor. 10:28-29; 8:7). The conscience can be modified (seared or hardened, I Tim. 4:2) by rejecting the judgments of the conscience (I Tim. 1:19-20). And a weak conscience can be made strong by the increase of knowledge (I Cor. 8:7). The fact that everybody’s conscience has a standard does not mean that all have the same standard. There is not in everyone’s conscience a universal standard, lex naturae.
[The double genitive absolute phrase in Rom. 2:15b, “their conscience bearing witness and their conflicting thoughts accusing or even excusing”, is a grammatically independent clause. It should be taken with the sentence that follows, which is the usual syntax, and not with the preceding subordinate clause. It should be translated as follows:
“15b As their conscience bears witness and their conflicting thoughts accusing or even excusing, 16 in that day God will judge the hidden things of men according to my gospel, through Christ Jesus.” (Rom. 2:15b-16 ERS)
This makes good sense if the Stoic teaching concerning the law of nature in the conscience is not read into the context.] Can man keep the law? Yes, he can; that is, man is able to choose to do what the law commands.
“11 For this commandment which I command you this day is not too hard for you, neither is it far off. 12 It is not in heaven, that you should say, ‘Who will go up for us to heaven, and bring it to us, that we may hear it and do it?’ 13 Neither is it beyond the sea, that you should say, ‘Who will go over the sea for us, and bring it to us, that we may hear it and do it?’ 14 But the word is very near you; it is in your mouth and in your heart, so that you can do it.” (Deut. 30:11-14)
But man does not do it (Rom. 3:10-12; Jer. 4:22; Psa. 10:4; 14:1-3; 53:1-3). Why? Because he is spiritually dead (Eph. 2:1), and he sins because he is spiritually dead (Rom. 5:12d ERS). The law cannot make alive and thus cannot produce righteousness.
“Is the law then against the promise of God? Certainly not; for if a law had been given which could make alive, then righteousness would indeed be by the law.” (Gal. 3:21)
Although the law is God’s revelation of Himself, the Word of the Lord (Deut. 5:5; Psa. 119:43, 160), it contains only a knowledge about God and not a personal knowledge of God. But more basically, this knowledge is only about God’s act of redemption of the children of Israel from bondage in Egypt, and not of the salvation of man from death and from sin. The situation of man spiritually has not been altered by this act of God or the giving of the law. Man is still spiritually dead. Therefore, because the law contains only the knowledge about a national, political-sociological act of God and not about God’s of act of salvation from death, nor a personal revelation of Himself to the heart of man that makes him alive; the law cannot make alive ( Gal. 3:21). On the contrary, the law presupposes the possession of life and righteousness. The keeping of the law only guarantees the continuance of physical life (Lev. 18:5; Deut. 30:18-20; Ezek. 18:5-9, 21-23, 27-28; 20:11; Luke 10:27-28) already possessed. The choice between life and death in Deut. 30:15-20 is the choice between physical life and physical death, not between spiritual life and spiritual death, which choice is only presented under grace in the preaching of the gospel. The choice of faith in Jesus Christ is the choice of spiritual and eternal life in Christ, for He is the life (I John 5:11-12). Of course, it is also the choice of physical life and the resurrection from physical death at His second coming. The law could not make alive physically, spiritually, or eternally, but only guaranteed the continuance and elongation of physical life ( Deut. 30:18-20).
The law of God intensifies the wrath of God against sin: “For the law works wrath” (Rom. 4:15a ERS). With the introduction of the law, sin becomes a transgression (parabasis), a going aside, a deviation, hence, a violation of the law. “But where there is no law neither is there transgression” (Rom. 4:15b ERS). A transgression of the law is sin, but sin is more than just a transgression of the law and sin may exist where the law of God does not exist.
“For until the law, sin was in the world; but sin is not imputed when there is no law” (Rom. 5:13 ERS).
In the period between Adam and Moses, before the law was given, there was no law. But in this period before the law, “sin was in the world.” Men were sinning. Sin existed where the law did not exist. From the Biblical point of view, sin must be understood and defined in terms of God and not in terms of the law. Sin is any choice that is contrary to faith in the true God — “Whatsoever is not of faith is sin” (Rom. 14:23 KJV). A transgression of the law is sin, but sin is not just a transgression of the law. The King James version mistranslates the statement in I John 3:4: he hamartia estin he anomia. It should be translated “sin is lawlessness” (RSV, NEB, NIV), not “sin is the transgression of the law” (KJV). The Greek word anomia basically may mean either “no law” or “against law.” Hence, it means “anarchy” or “rebellion.”
“Freely translated v.4 would then be to the effect that ‘he who commits sin is thereby in revolt against; indeed, sin is nothing but rebellion against God.’” [1]
The law came in alongside in order that the transgression might abound (Rom. 5:20b). Thus through the law, sin became exceedingly sinful (Rom. 7:13b). “Since through the law comes the knowledge of sin” (Rom. 3:20b; see also Rom. 7:7b), the law shows what sin is and thus makes clear the true character of sin and that the basic sin is idolatry (Exodus 20:3-6; Deut. 5:7-10; 6:13-15; 8:19; 11:16-17; 29:24-27; 30:17-18). But this does not mean that sin is to be defined in terms of the law. The law just exposes its true character. The law not only reveals what sin is but also God’s direct opposition to man’s sin, that is, the wrath of God which is the curse of the law.
“Cursed is every one who continues not in all things that are written in the book of the law, to do them”
(Gal. 3:10 ERS; see also Deut. 27:26; 29:27).
Thus the law brings the wrath of God, not directly by means of an inevitable moral process of cause and effect, but indirectly by showing what is God’s personal reaction to man’s sin. From the Biblical point of view, the law has three serious weaknesses (Rom. 8:3).
1. The law cannot remove the wrath of God but causes wrath (Rom. 4:15; Gal. 3:10; the curse of the law = the wrath of God). And the law cannot remove the wrath of God because
2. it cannot take away sin (Heb. 10:1-4, 15-18). Not only is the law unable to take away sin, but it causes sin (Rom. 7:5, 8, 11, 13). This is not because the law is evil (on the contrary, it is holy, righteous and good, Rom. 7:12) but because
3. the law cannot make alive ( Gal. 3:21). The law cannot deliver man from the death that has been passed to him from Adam (Rom. 5:12, 15, 17). On the contrary, it brings death (Rom. 7:10-11, 13). The law makes death, primarily physical death, the result of personal sins (Ezek. 18:4, 20; Deut. 24:16; Isa. 59:2) and superimposes this relationship of death-because-of-sin upon the more basic relationship of sin-because-of-death (Rom. 5:12d ERS; Gal. 4:8). But the law did not change this more basic relationship; man sins because of spiritual death. And the law cannot remove this spiritual death, and therefore cannot remove sin. Also, since the law cannot make alive, it cannot produce righteousness ( Gal. 3:21) and therefore peace with God (Rom. 5:1). Christ is the end of the law for righteousness (Rom. 10:4), because He alone can and did remove death and does make alive and thereby righteous.
The law has therefore a threefold weakness: it cannot remove wrath, sin or death because it cannot produce peace, righteousness or life. There is no salvation by the law.
ENDNOTES FOR “THE LAW OF GOD”
In Eph. 2:8-9, Paul contrasts salvation by grace with salvation by works.
“8 For by grace you have been saved through faith, and this is not your own doing, it is the gift of God — 9 not because of works, lest any man should boast.”
What is salvation by works? Salvation by works is a salvation that is earned; it is merited.
“To the one working the reward is reckoned not according to grace [as a gift] but according to debt [something owed since it was earned]” (Rom. 4:4).
The works that are supposed to earn salvation are more than just good works (good deeds or acts); they are meritorious works; they are good deeds that earn salvation. Each good work is regarded as having a certain quantity of merit attached to it; when the good work is done, the merit is imputed or reckoned to the account of the person performing the act. Correspondingly, each evil or bad work is regarded as having a certain quantity of demerit or negative merit (penalty or debt) attached to it so that the demerit is reckoned or imputed to the account of the person doing the evil work (or sin). At the final judgment, each person’s account is balanced — the merits and demerits are weighed against each other. If the merit outweighs the demerit, that person is saved — he has earned eternal life. If the demerit outweighs the merit, that person is condemned — he is punished eternally for his sins. This merit scheme underlies and is implied by all teaching that salvation is by works.
The Bible very clearly teaches that salvation is not by works (Eph. 2:8-9; Titus 3:5). Salvation is by grace through faith. Man cannot be saved by his good works; he cannot earn salvation by his works. This is the clear and explicit teaching of Scripture. Salvation by grace and salvation by meritorious works are mutually exclusive and opposing ways of salvation.
“But if it is by grace, it is no longer by works; otherwise grace would no longer be grace.” (Rom. 11:6)
Salvation is not by meritorious works, not because man is not able to do them, but because God does not deal with mankind on the basis of the merit scheme. As Jesus made clear in his parable of the householder (Matt. 20:1-16), God does not act toward us on the basis of our merit but on the basis of His generosity. And because God does not treat mankind according to their desserts, but according to His love, He often puts the least deserving before the more deserving. “The last will be first and the first last.” (Matt. 20:16; 19:30; Mark 10:31; Luke 13:30). Because God ignores merits in His relationships to man, salvation is not by meritorious works. Salvation has nothing to do with merits.
The whole scheme of merits underlies and is implied by all teaching that salvation is by works. To reject salvation by works without rejecting the whole merit scheme is like treating the symptoms of disease without treating the disease. Salvation by works is a symptom of the disease of legalism.
What is legalism? Legalism does not mean just having rules or laws; legalism is a misuse of rules and laws. Theologically, legalism is a distortion of the law of God, a misunderstanding of the law given by God to Israel. The law of God is not legalism. The law was a covenant relationship between God and the people of Israel. But unlike the covenants that God made with Noah and with Abraham, which were covenants of sheer grace, with no conditions attached to the receiving of the blessings of the covenant, the Mosaic covenant was conditional. God made unconditional promises to Noah and to Abraham of what He, God Himself, would do. But the blessings of the Mosaic covenant were conditioned upon Israel’s obedience to God ( Deut. 28:1-14); their disobedience to Him would bring curses upon them ( Deut. 28:15-20; 30:18-20). These conditions are given in the Ten Commandments (Ex. 20:3-17; Deut. 5:6-21) and other statutes and ordinances. These commandments were not an end in themselves; they were specific ways in which they were to obey God. The law is concerned with Israel’s personal relationship to God: to love and obey God and not to worship or serve other gods. The history of Israel shows that they did not obey God. They disobeyed Him by turning from Him to other gods. From the time of Moses through the times of the judges and kings, they kept backsliding into idolatry. The prophets over and over again rebuked them for their sin of idolatry. The curses that God said He would bring upon them for their disobedience and idolatry (Deut. 28:36-52, 63-66; 29:24-28) came upon them; they were scattered among the nations: the northern tribes in 722 B.C. by Assyria and the southern tribes in 586 B.C. by Babylonia. When they returned from the 70 years of Babylonian captivity, the Jews never again went into the idolatry of worshipping pagan gods. But it seems that very soon after the last of the O.T. prophets, Malachi, they developed an idolatry of the law. They began to trust in the law (Rom. 2:17). The law became an absolute standard to be obeyed. Obedience to the law subtly took the place of obedience to God. Keeping the law became a meritorious work that could earn God’s favor and blessings. Eventually there evolved the idea that one’s eternal destiny depends upon the amount of merit or demerit that one accumulates during one’s lifetime. This whole scheme of merit with its absolute standard of the law is what we mean by legalism.
Jesus and the early apostles, particularly Paul, opposed this Jewish legalism. Paul combated the Judaizers’ attempts to put Christians under the Mosaic law (Gal. 2:11-16). When we realize the covenant nature of the law, we can see why this was not possible. Since the Christian’s relationship to God was already established in the New covenant, it could not at the same time be established under the Old Mosaic covenant. Then it must be that what the Judaizers were trying to do was to make the law in an absolute sense necessary for a right relationship to God. This is not just the Mosaic law; it is legalism. And Paul refused to allow it.
Even though Paul’s opposition to the Judaizers in the early church effectively stopped the entrance into Christianity of the Jewish legalism (see the Letter to the Galatians), this did not stop another form of the legalism from creeping into Christian thought and practice some 200 years later. In this later form of legalism, the rationalism of the Greek philosophers had been wedded to the legal philosophy of the Romans developed by such early writers as Cicero (1st century B.C.). This rationalistic legalism crept into Christian theology by way of a 3rd century lawyer and Christian apologist, Tertullian, and since the time of Augustine (5th century) has formed the basis of most Roman Catholic and Protestant theology.
Legalism in its fullest form consists of four distortions of the law. These are the essential characteristics of legalism.
1. The first distortion of the law is the absolutizing of the law. This consists of making the law into ultimate reality. This may be done either by making the law stand by itself apart from and above God or by identifying God with the law.
a. In the former, God is seen only as a Lawgiver and Judge who gives and enforces the law that exists apart from Himself but who is ultimately subject to it. The law therefore is something eternal which rules the whole universe by commands and prohibitions; it is the primal and bedrock foundation of the moral universe. This form of absolutizing the law may be found in some forms of Judaism and in some Greek and Roman philosophy (Stoics).
b. According to the latter form, the law is the eternal and essential nature of God (“God is a God of law” or “God is law” or “the law is the essential nature of God”). The mind and will of God expresses this ultimate nature of God. Before the law was given and written down, it existed in the mind and nature of God. [1] God, accordingly, is defined as an infinite, moral, rational being. This form of absolutizing the law is found in some Christian theologies.
In both these forms of absolutizing the law, the law is ultimate and supreme. Individually and personally, absolutizing the law means that the law is made into one’s ultimate criterion of decision; it becomes the object of trust and ultimate confidence (Rom. 2:17). Thus to absolutize the law is to make it into God. Legalism is, therefore, basically an idolatry of the law.
2. The second distortion of the law is the depersonalizing of the law. This consists of making the law into a thing that is over man and between God and man. No longer is the law just a clarification of man’s relationship to God, providing guidance of man’s actions in relationship to God and to his fellow man (Torah — teaching); no longer is it the terms of a covenant that God made with the children of Israel, expressing God’s will toward them (in His grace and wrath) and for them (in their response to God). According to this distortion, the law now stands between God and man as a mediator, separating man from God. Instead of a face to face personal relationship to God, the relationship between man and God is depersonalized into a relationship to the law. God’s relationship to man is understood only in terms of the law. God is seen only as a Lawgiver and Judge. God is not a God of love. And if God’s love is recognized at all, it is subordinated to God’s justice and reduced to an emotion. Little place at all is left for God’s mercy and grace. God’s wrath is depersonalized into the effect of the eternal law of divine retribution. God is impelled by the demands of His own nature to punish sin; God’s wrath is caused by the immutable and necessary law of moral retribution (justice) which is God’s essential nature. There is little if any place for mercy in the exercise of God’s wrath. God deals with man strictly on the basis of law which demands that every sin be always and exactly punished and righteous works be rewarded.
This misunderstanding of God in terms of the law leads not only to a misunderstanding of the relationship of God to man but also of the relationship of man to God. Sin is defined entirely in terms of the law and not in terms of God; sin is understood only as a falling short of the divine standard of the law, the breaking of the law or rules, the transgression of or want of conformity to the law in thought, word and deed. Sin is a crime and the penalty for these crimes is spiritual, physical and eternal death. Until the penalty is executed at the last judgement, man is under the burden of an objective guilt or condemnation which must be satisfied by the execution of the penalty. This objective guilt has been conceived in terms of a debt which man owes and/or as a demerit on man’s record.
Righteousness, correspondingly, is also misunderstood to be keeping of the law or rules, a conformity to the law in thought, word, and deed; legal and moral perfection. Man’s highest good and final goal according this point of view is this moral perfection, this legal righteousness. To stand spotless and without legal blame before the law is thought to be man’s ultimate hope. Man is misunderstood as being created under the law and for the law; he is a moral, rational animal. Accordingly, man is different from the lower animals and like God because he possesses a moral and rational nature like God does. There is within man’s conscience an absolute standard of right and wrong — the law of nature, a universal moral law. This misunderstanding of man in terms of the law follows from the misunderstanding of God in terms of the law. As a result, the relationship between God and man is depersonalized. The depersonalization of the law thus necessarily follows from the absolutizing of the law.
3. The third distortion of the law is the quantification of the law. This consists of attaching to the law’s commands and prohibitions various quantities of merit and demerit. Each good act is considered as having a certain quantity of merit or worth attached to its performance, while similarly each evil act incurs a certain quantity of demerit or unworthiness. The performance of each command of the law earns the associated quantity of merit, and each violation the quantity of demerit. So in the course of his life, a man acquires merit by his good works or demerit by his bad works (sins which are transgressions of the law). At the final judgment, these will be weighed in the double pan balance of justice. And to each man, justice will render impartially that which is due to him. If the merit outweighs the demerit, the man is legally declared righteous and legally entitled to eternal life and blessedness (he has earned it and justice demands that he receives it). On the other hand, if the demerits predominate, he justly deserves and receives eternal death, punishment, pain and suffering. Such an arrangement is called the merit scheme.
Jesus opposed this distortion of the law in His parable of the householder (Matt. 20:1-16). The Apostle Paul also rejected this distortion when he opposed salvation by works. He refers to such meritorious works as “the righteousness of the law” (Rom. 10:5; Phil. 3:6, 9) and “the works of the law” (Rom. 3:20; 4:2-5; Gal. 3:2, 5, 10). In his language, a “work of law” was usually more than just a good deed or act; it was a meritorious good deed or act. The law was considered to be the standard by which the merits of good works can be determined. For James, on the other hand, a “work” was just a good deed or act (James 2:14-26). Since the Apostle Paul was talking about something different from James, they do not contradict each other when they speak of justification by works.
4. The fourth distortion of the law is the externalization of the law. This consists of making the law regulate only the outward acts and conduct rather than the inner decisions and orientation of the will. Jesus specifically opposed this distortion of the law in His Sermon on the Mount (Matt. 5:21-48) and elsewhere (Matt. 12:9-14). This distortion results from the quantification of the law. In order for a person to be able to know the amount of merit or demerit of each act, the law is considered to regulate only the outward act or conduct. This distortion often leads to extensions of the law by the addition of many minute detailed regulations of conduct in order to be able to assign the correct amount of merit or demerit. These extensions of the law, resulting from the externalization of the law, are condemned by Jesus in His criticism of the scribes and Pharisees (Matt. 23:16-26). Legalism is not concerned with love and mercy except as a law that must be obeyed and kept. Love of God and love for one’s fellow man are only laws that must be observed and rules that must not be broken, an absolute standard or norm that one must strive to come up to.
Legalism in absolutizing the law has distorted the meaning and the place of the law in God’s dealings with man. The law in its proper place in God’s dealings with man must be carefully distinguished from the distortion of the law that results from the legalistic absolutizing of the law. The failure to make this distinction between the proper understanding of the law and the legalistic misunderstanding of the law has led to much confusion in the discussion about the relationship of the law to the gospel. The distinction between the law and the gospel is not the same as the distinction between legalism and the gospel. The distinction between the law and the gospel is the distinction between the old Mosaic Covenant and the New Covenant. Whereas the distinction between legalism and the gospel is the distinction between salvation by meritorious works and salvation by grace through faith. The law as the old Mosaic Covenant is not legalism and does not contain any of the legalistic distortions of the law discussed above. These were introduced later by the Pharisees, etc. Legalism has taken some elements of the Mosaic covenant of the law and has exaggerated them, distorting them into something that God did not intend or reveal. The apparent truth of legalism stems from these elements of the Mosaic covenant that legalism has distorted.
There are two of these elements of the Mosaic covenant in particular that legalism has distorted which needs to be especially noted here. The first is the meaning of sin. With the revelation of the law, sin becomes more than just any choice contrary to faith and trust in the true God; it becomes the transgression of a God-revealed command. Now in legalism this element that a transgression of the law is sin is taken and generalized into a universal definition of sin; sin is now defined as any transgression of or want of conformity to the law (The Larger Catechism of the Westminster Assembly). Sin is thus defined in terms of the law as a universal standard. What was true in a particular situation under the Mosaic covenant, legalism has generalized into a universal definition of sin that is true everywhere and always. And to justify this universal definition, legalism assumes contrary to explicit statements of Scripture ( Rom. 2:14; 5:13) that there is a universal standard, a law of nature, that exists everywhere and in the conscience of everyone. Legalism thus has taken an element of the Mosaic covenant that a transgression of the law is sin and generalized it into the definition of sin, distorting the Biblical meaning of sin.
This is not the Biblical concept of sin. From the Biblical point of view, sin must be understood and defined in terms of the true God and not just in terms of the law. Sin must be defined as any choice that is contrary to faith and trust in the true God. “Whatsoever is not of faith is sin” (Rom. 14:23). Since sin existed before the law of God was given, sin must not be just a trangression of the law. According to Rom. 5:13, in the period before the law, “sin was in the world.” Men were sinning and sin existed where the law did not exist. Therefore, sin must be more than just a transgression of the law. If sin is just a transgression of the law, then all would not have sinned before the law was given, since all did not have the law. Not only those before Moses did not have the law, but also the Gentiles did not have the law.
“When the Gentiles who have not the law do by nature what the law requires, they are a law to themselves, even though they do not have the law” (Rom. 2:14 ERS).
But all have sinned (Rom. 3:23). Therefore, sin is not just a transgression of the law. The Greek word translated “have sinned” in Rom. 3:23 means “missing the mark.” The mark is not the law as the divine standard, but God Himself. Man misses the mark when he puts his trust and faith in a false god, a substitute for the true God. The falling short of the glory of God in the last part of Rom. 3:23 does not mean falling short of the standard of God’s perfection given in the law. The Greek word here translated “falling short” means “to be in want of” or “to be in need of”. [2] In the Greek translation of the Old Testament, the Septuagint, this same word is used in Psa. 23:1.
“The Lord is my shepherd: I shall not want.” (See also Mt. 19:20; Mark 10:21; Luke 15:14; 22:35; John 2:3; I Cor. 1:7; 8:8; 12:24; II Cor. 11:5,9; 12:11; Phil. 4:12; Heb. 4:1; 11:37; 12:15).
The glory of God in the Old Testament is the manifest presence of God. Therefore, according to Rom. 3:23 (ERS) man does not have this presence of God; he is in want or need of it. In other words, he is spiritually dead, separated from God’s presence. And all have sinned because they are spiritually dead ( Rom. 5:12d ERS). Thus Rom. 3:23 should be translated:
“All have sinned and are in need of the glory [the presence] of God.” (Rom. 3:23 ERS)
A second element of the Mosaic covenant that legalism has distorted is the relationship of sin to death. The Biblical concept of sin as basically trust in a false god, idolatry, is misunderstood as basically a transgression of the law, the breaking of the rules and a falling short of the universal divine standard. According to legalism, sin is considered to be a crime against God, and the penalty for these crimes is spiritual, physical and eternal death. Death (spiritual, physical and eternal death) is the penalty of sin. Until this penalty is executed at the last judgment, man is under the burden of an objective guilt or condemnation which must be satisfied by the execution of the penalty. And in addition to this objective guilt there is a subjective guilt of a bad conscience, which may or may not correspond to the objective guilt. This objective guilt has been conceived in terms of a debt which man owes and/or as demerit on man’s record. Thus man needs to be saved because he is a guilty sinner.
This legalistic concept of death is a misunderstanding of the Biblical concept of death. In the Scriptures, death is not always the result of each man’s own personal sins. All men have received spiritual and physical death from Adam, but not eternal death.
“Therefore, as through one man sin entered into the world, and death through sin, and so death passed unto all men, because of which all sinned: – ” (Rom. 5:12 ERS)
Since Adam, man is not responsible for being spiritually dead because he did not choose that state. He received spiritual death from Adam just as he received physical death from Adam.
“13 For until the law sin was in the world; but sin is not imputed where there is no law. 14 But death reigned from Adam to Moses, even over those who had not sinned after the likeness of the transgression of Adam, who is a type of Him who was to come.” (Rom. 5:13-14 ERS).
But man is responsible for the god he chooses. The true God has not left man without a knowledge about Himself.
“19 Because that which is known of God is manifest in them; for God manifested it to them. 20 For since the creation of the world the invisible things of Him, both His eternal power and divine nature, have been clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, so that they are without excuse.” (Rom. 1:19-20 ERS)
This knowledge about God leaves man without excuse for his idolatry. He knows that his false gods are phonies. But this knowledge does not save him because it is knowledge about the true God, and not a personal knowledge of the true God which is life eternal (John 17:3). But even though man is not responsible for being spiritually dead, he is responsible for remaining in the state of spiritual death when deliverance from it is offered to him in the person of Jesus Christ. If he refuses the gift of eternal life in Christ Jesus, he will receive the wages of his decision, eternal death (Rom. 6:23). If a man refuses the gift of spiritual and eternal life in Christ Jesus and continues to put his trust in a false god, remaining in spiritual death, then after he dies physically, at the last judgment he will receive the results of his wrong decision of sin, eternal death, separation from God for eternity. Romans 6:23 does not mean that sin must be punished and that death is the penalty of sin. The meaning of this verse must be determined by considering its context, the previous verses from 15 to 23.
“15 What then? Shall we sin because we are not under law but under grace? May it not be! 16 Do you not know that to whom you present yourselves as slaves for obedience, his slaves you are to whom you obey; whether of sin to death or of obedience to righteousness? 17 But thanks be to God that you were slaves of sin but you became obedient from the heart to that form of teaching to which you were delivered; 18 and having been freed from sin you became slaves of righteousness. 19 I am speaking in human terms because of the weakness of your flesh. For as you presented your members as slaves to uncleanness and to iniquity unto iniquity, so now present your members as slaves to righteousness unto sanctification. 20 For when you were slaves of sin, you were free in regard to righteousness. 21 Therefore, what fruit had you then, because of which you are now ashamed? For the end of those things is death. 22 But now having been freed from sin and having been enslaved to God, you have your fruit to sanctification and the end eternal life. 23 For the wages of sin is death, but the free gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord.” (Romans 6:15-23)
The context of this verse is not the law-court but slavery. Sin is personified as a slavemaster. According Rom. 6:14 (“For sin shall not have dominion over you: for you are not under the law, but under grace.”), sin has dominion or lordship (kurieusei) over the believer when he is under the law and the deliverance from the dominion or lordship of sin is to be under grace. The grace of God, God’s love in action, delivers the believer from the dominion and the slavery of sin by placing the believer back under the grace of God. Thus verse 6:14 says that sin will no longer have dominion or lordship over the believer, because he is now under grace, not under law. Verse 16 speaks of yielding oneself as a slave – either to sin or to obedience [to God]. Verse 17 speaks of having been slaves to sin but now ( Verse 18) being slaves of righteousness. Verses 20-21 asks what return did they get from the things that they did as slaves of sin. Paul says that the end of the slavery to sin is death. Verse 22 says that the end result of being a slave of God is eternal life. Then in Verse 23 Paul summarizes his argument by saying that the wages of sin, that is, the wages paid by sin as a slavemaster, is death. But God does not pay wages, but gives a free gift, eternal life in Christ Jesus, our Lord.
It is very plain from verses 17 and 18 that the slavery of sin was a past experience for the Christian. He has now changed masters. If he had remained under his old master, sin, that master would have eventually paid off in only one kind of coin, death. But since they have changed masters, they are not now in a position to collect wages from the old master, sin. And the verse does not say the they get wages from their new master, God. But from God they get a free gift, something that could not be earned, eternal life. What kind of death did they receive from their old master? Eternal death, eternal separation from God, is the wages of sin. That eternal death is meant here is clear from the second half this verse: “…but the gift of God is eternal life…” Paul is not talking here about spiritual or physical death but only of eternal death, the end result of the slavery of sin.
Thus Romans 6:23 says nothing about the penalty of sin, that is, that sin must be punished. True, the result of sin is eternal death. But that does not mean that sin must be punished before the sin can be forgiven. If the sinner repents and turns from his idolatry and to the true God in faith, he will be freely forgiven. If he does repent and believe, he will not still be liable to be punished for his sins.
“21 But if a wicked man turns away from all his sins which he has committed and keeps all my statues and does what is lawful and right, he shall live; he shall not die. 22 None of the transgressions which he has committed shall be remembered against him; for the righteousness which he has done he shall live. 23 Have I any pleasure in the death of the wicked, says the Lord God, and not rather he should turn from his way and live? … 32 For I have no pleasure in the death of anyone, says the Lord God; so turn, and live.” (Ezek. 18:21-23, 32; see also Ezek. 33:11)
Here is the error of legalistic understanding of sin to death. It says that sin must always be punished even if the sinner repents and believes (trusts) God. This contradicts the plain and clear teaching of God’s Word (Ezek. 18:21-23; 33:10-20; Lam. 3:31-33; Isa. 55:6-7; II Chron. 7:14; II Pet. 3:9). Do not misunderstand what I am saying here. I am not saying that God does not punish sin. He does. This is not the error. The error is to say that God cannot forgive sin before or until he has punished sin. The error is that God must always punish sin before sin can be forgiven. That is, that before God can in love forgive the sinner, He must of necessity punish the sin. This is false. Man needs to be forgiven but paying the penalty of sin is not forgiveness. When sin is punished, it is not freely forgiven. The punishment of sin is the execution of the consequences of sin – death; forgiveness is free dismissal of the effects of sin. If sin is forgiven, it is not punished. Forgiveness through punishment is a contradiction.
The legalistic preoccupation in Christian theology with death as the necessary penalty of sin has distorted the Biblical concept of spiritual death as separation from God and of eternal death as eternal separation from God. Separation from God is far more serious than the penal consequences of sin as God is more important than the law. But not only is death misunderstood but life is also misunderstood as the reward for meritorious works. Life as fellowship and communion with God, a personal relationship to God, is lost sight of in the legalistic preoccupation with the law and its meritorious observance.
ENDNOTES FOR “LEGALISM”
[1] “I find that it has been the opinion of the wisest men that Law is not a product of human thought, nor is it any enactment of peoples, but something eternal which rules the whole universe by its wisdom in command and prohibition. Thus they have been accustomed to say that Law is the primal and ultimate mind of God, whose reason directs all things either by compulsion or restraint…. it is the reason and mind of the wise lawgiver applied to command and prohibition…. Ever since we were children, Quintus, we have learned to call, ‘If one summon another to court,’ and other rules of the same kind, laws. But we must come to the true understanding of the matter, which is as follows: this and other commands and prohibitions of nations have the power to summon to righteousness and away from wrongdoing; but this power is not merely older than the existence of the nations and states, it is coeval with that God who guards and rules heaven and earth. For the divine mind cannot exist without reason, and divine reason cannot but have this power to establish right and wrong…. For reason did exist, derived from the Nature of the universe, urging men to right conduct and diverting them from wrongdoing, and this reason did not first become Law when it was written down, but when it first came into existence; and it came into existence simultaneously with the divine mind. Wherefore, the true and primal Law, applied to command and prohibition, is the right reason of supreme Jupiter.”
Cicero, Laws, II, 8-10, Cicero, De Re Publica, De Legibus, Eng. trans. by Clinton Walker Keyes, in The Loeb Classical Library, (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press, 1961), pp. 379-383.
[2] C. K. Barrett, The Epistle to the Romans
(New York: Harper & Row, Publishers, 1957), p. 74.